Introduction: ~the term iontophoresis is simply defined as ion transfer(ionto=ion),(phoresis=transfer) ~introduction of ions into the body using direct electrical current. ~it is a specialized technique of electrical stimulation that uses electrical polarity of continuous direct current to ionize medicines placed beneath surface electrodes and transfers them into the body through the skin. Basic principle of…
Introduction: ~the cerebrum is made of two cerebral hemispheres which are incompletely separated from each other by the median longitudinal fissure.~the two hemispheres are connected to each other across the median plane by the corpus callosum. each hemisphere contains a cavity, called the lateral ventricle. External feautures: three surfaces: 1. the superolateral surface is convex…
Introduction: ~The cerebellum is the largest part of the hind brain. it is situated in the posterior cranial fossa behind the pons and medulla.~it is an infratentorial structure that coordinates voluntary movements of the body. Relations: ~Anteriorly:-fourth ventricle,pons and medulla~Posteroinferiorly:-Squamous occipital bone,&~Superiorly:-tentorium cerebelli External features: ~the cerebellum consists of two cerebellar hemisphere that is united…
What is the spinal cord? ~the spinal cord is the lower elongated, cylindrical part of the CNS. It occupies the upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal. It extends from the level of the upper border of the atlas to the lower border of vertebra L1 or the upper border of vertebra L2. ~it is about…
Iliococcygeus Muscle Anatomy The levator ani muscle, which makes up the majority of the pelvic diaphragm, is composed of three muscles, including the iliococcygeus muscle. The flat, broad skeletal muscle is known as the iliococcygeus. the inner side of the ischium (the lower and back part of the hip bone) and from the posterior part…
Ankle joints are the most common joints we use in our day-to-day lives, and they’re also the most common joints that require care and attention. Ankle joints are a series of joints that connect your lower leg to your foot, and they’re used for a wide variety of movements and positions. Even the smallest ankle…
Internal oblique muscle is a thin, broad muscle in the lateral abdominal wall that is located below the external oblique and just above the transverse abdominal muscles. Starting from the superficial layer to the deep layer, the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis make up the three layers of the lateral abdominal wall. Internal…
The external oblique is the largest and the most superficial (outermost) of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. Structure: It arises from eight fleshy digitations, each from the external surfaces and inferior borders of the fifth to twelfth ribs. These digitations are arranged in an oblique line that runs inferiorly and anteriorly,…
Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Anatomy The iliac crest, the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, and the 12th rib are all involved in the quadratus lumborum (QL), a muscle that is found in the deep and posterior, lateral, and inferior regions of the spine. Because of the complexity of the muscle structure, it might be challenging…
Cremaster muscle is a muscle that covers the testis and the spermatic cord. It is a paired muscle, being one on each side of the body. The cremaster muscle develops to its full extent only in males while in females it is represented by only a few muscle loops. In female humans, the cremaster muscle…
