Rett syndrome is a rare genetic neurological disorder that predominantly affects females, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10,000 to 15,000 live births. First described by Austrian physician Dr. Andreas Rett in 1966, this condition is characterized by normal early development followed by a period of regression, leading to a range of severe cognitive,…
What is Noonan Syndrome? A hereditary condition known as Noonan syndrome stops some body parts from developing normally. There are many different ways that Noonan syndrome can impact an individual. These include small stature, heart disorders, various physical issues, odd face features, and potential developmental delays. Noonan syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation and is…
What is Jacobsen Syndrome? Jacobsen syndrome is a condition caused by a loss of genetic material from chromosome 11. Because this deletion occurs at the end (terminus) of the long (q) arm of chromosome 11, Jacobsen syndrome is also known as 11q terminal deletion disorder. The signs and symptoms of Jacobsen syndrome vary considerably. Most…
Williams syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental genetic disorder that features mild learning or developmental challenges, high levels of calcium in the blood and urine, and a markedly outgoing personality. Williams Syndrome (WS) is a genetic condition that is present at birth and can affect anyone. It is characterized by medical problems, including cardiovascular disease, developmental…
Levator Scapulae Syndrome is a “pain over the upper medial angle of the scapula” that is still used in clinical practice in certain settings around the world. This terminology describes a set of signs and symptoms that often present together without identifying the cause of the pain and dysfunction, as is the case with other…
What is down syndrome? Down syndrome (sometimes called Down’s syndrome) is a condition in which a child is born with an extra copy of their 21st chromosome — hence its other name, trisomy 21. This causes physical and mental developmental delays and disabilities. Many disabilities are lifelong, and they can also shorten life expectancy. However,…
Pectoralis Major Muscle Anatomy The pectoralis major is a prominent muscle located in the chest region of the human body. It is a large, fan-shaped muscle that plays a crucial role in the movement of the shoulder and arm. If you enjoy working out, you may also hear people refer to these muscles as the…
Middle Pharyngeal Muscle Anatomy The middle pharyngeal constrictor is a fan-shaped sheet-like muscle of the pharynx. This muscle, along with the superior and inferior pharyngeal constrictors, forms the bulk of the pharyngeal wall. The pharyngeal constrictor muscles create a peristaltic wave that facilitates passage of the food bolus inferiorly, from the pharynx towards the esophagus,…
Anatomy of Zygomaticus Major Zygomaticus major shown in red. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly to allow one to smile. Origin: Anterior surface of zygomatic bone. Insertion: Modiolus at angle of mouth. Nerve supply: Buccal branch of facial nerve (VII). Blood supply: Superior labial…
INTRODUCTION: Spinal tumors are abnormal growth of cells(mass) that develop inside the spinal column, usually causing pain and other symptoms. Spine tumors may arise from any of the structures of the spine or the spinal column. They may arise in the cervical (neck), thoracic (mid-back) or lumbosacral (low back) regions. They may originate in the…
